Precious Stones Bonza

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Precious Stones List
2. Pics Of Precious Stones
3. Precious Stones Bonza

A mineral is a substance occurring in nature with a characteristic chemical composition and usually possessing a definite crystal-line structure. Most minerals are inorganic substances and are either chemical elements such as sulphur, silver, copper and gold or are chemical compounds such as clay. Some are organic substances such as coal, petroleum, amber and asphalt. Most of the valuable minerals are found locked or physically trapped in gangue minerals.

https://qa-red-bonus-bonuslocation-lucky-no-2019-casino-deposit.peatix.com. The occurrence of minerals or elements in the earth's crust is not uniform. Rather, minerals concentrate in particular areas (called deposits) as a result of geological conditions and activity. Such a deposit is referred to as an ore deposit, ore body, or when it is large enough, .ie, the percentage of the useful component is high enough to make mining worthwhile for economic recovery of the mineral, simply as an ore.

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Ores which comprise a variety of minerals are heterogeneous. An ore body is usually named for the most important mineral(s) in the rock, referred to as value minerals. Some minerals contain metals, which are extracted by concentration and smelting. Other minerals, such as diamond, asbestos, quartz, feldspars, micas, gypsum, soda, clays, etc, may be used either as found, with some or no pre-treatment, or as stock materials for industrial compounds or building materials.

Most ores as mined require some processing before they can be converted into usable, final mineral products. Mineral dressing/processing is a process of separating valuable minerals from gangue contained in an ore; where by the valuable minerals are concentrated into a smaller quantity of marketable product by discarding most of the waste gangue minerals.

The separation of metals from their ores and concentrates is known as extractive metallurgy. The extractive processes can be broadly classified as

a) Pyrometallurgy - in which the necessary reaction is carried out by the application of heat.

b) Hydrometallurgy - in which a solvent either water or an aqueous solution is employed to leach out the metal from the ore.

c) Electrometallurgy - in which electrical energy is used to supply heat for the extraction and refining of metals

The selection of a process depends upon many factors, such as the particular properties of the metal concerned, complexity and grade of the material being treated, required purity of the metal, tonnage to be treated, etc. Many ores require a combination of methods; copper and nickel, for example, are commonly treated by a preliminary pyro-metallurgical process followed by electrolysis, aluminium is won by employing a preliminary hydrometallurgical process followed by electrolysis in a fused-salt bath.

Table (1) briefly summarizes the metallurgical treatments employed for the recovery of the principal metals.

Table 1: Recovery of the Principal Metals

1.2 STEPS IN MINERAL PROCESSING

Mineral processing has as objective to prepare the ore for the extraction of the valuable minerals (metallic ores) but also produces commercial final products of non-metallic ores. Apart from regulating the size particle, it is a process treating to separate the valuable minerals from the no useful mineral (gangue) so that can be produced a rich product called concentrate which has most of the valuable minerals. A mineral deposit is mined if the ore is found in a large enough deposit to be extracted economically, usually in an underground or open pit mine. Mineral processing separates minerals and gangue (undesirable minerals). Key steps in mineral:

1. Characterisation
2. Liberation
3. Separation
4. Desposition

Characterization

Liberation

Liberation is the 2nd step in the process where dissimilar elements in the feed material are freed from one another. This is often accomplished by size reduction. There are two classes of size reduction machines: Crushers and Grinders. Crushers deal with large particles usually particles greater than 1 mm diameter while grinders deal with particles smaller than 1mm diameter.

Separation

Fig 1.1 Flow sheet for main mineral processing steps.

1.3 NEED FOR MINERAL PROCESSING

The objectives of concentrating an ore are both technical and economic. The ore as it is received from a mine cannot be directly smelted, because of its low grade and presence of the unwanted elements. Smelting is far more expensive than dressing which is the cheapest way to remove unwanted material. The concentrate in order to be marketable must conform to requirements as to particle size, assay grade, moisture content and maximum allowable content of unwanted elements.

Other side benefits obtained by dressing of ores are;

(1) Reduced cost of transportation since no freight has to be paid on the discarded tailing,

(2) Reduced loss of metal at the smelter because of reduction in amount of metal bearing slag produced during smelting, Online slots au.

(3) Reduction in total smelting cost due to reduction in tonnage to be smelted, and

Precious Stones List

(4) Reduction· in energy consumption because of less tonnage to be smelted.

Fig 1.2 Flow sheet showing concentration stages.

The major metallic minerals in Ghana are gold, manganese bauxite and iron ore. Currently gold and bauxite and manganese are being mined in Ghana. However, gold is the main focus of majority of foreign and local exploration Companies in the country. Currently, bauxite and iron ore are attracting exploratory importance.

2.1.1Gold

Despite the amount of past exploration, Ghana is under explored for gold. The occurrence of gold deposits such as Tarkwa, Bibiani, Teberebie and Iduapriem, and the discoveries of new deposits at Ayamfuri, Obotan, Wassa, Damang, Nkawkaw, Kenyase, Ntronang- Abrem area demonstrate the gold potential of Ghana. There are six major gold belts these are Kibi- Winneba, Ashanti Sefwi, Bui, Bole- Nangodi and the Lawra belt.

2.1.2 Bauxite

Ghana has large deposits of good quality bauxite in the Western, Eastern and Ashanti regions. Bauxite deposits in Ghana have been known since 1914, and it is recorded that by the end of 1922, all the major deposits had been discovered. From this period onwards, there has been a lot of work done on all bauxite deposits in Ghana.

The known major bauxite deposits in Ghana are four. These are: Sefwi- Bekwai (Awaso), Aya-Nyinahin, Kibi, and Ejuanema bauxite deposits. The mining work of the Awaso deposit, which is the only exploited deposit, started in 1940-41by the British Aluminium Company Limited. Exploratory work has been intensified on the Kibi and Nyanahin deposits.

2.1.3 Manganese

The major deposit occurs at Nsuta in the Western Region. It is a producing mine. There are two main types of ore - oxides and carbonates. Presently the oxides are depleted at the Nsuta Mine. One interesting thing about the manganese deposits of Ghana is that most are found to be in proximity with Birimian gold occurrences. Manganese occurrences are known in 7 of the 10 regions of Ghana, in the Eastern, Central, Western, Ashanti, Northern, Upper West and Upper East.

2.1.4 Iron Ores

There are three main iron ore deposits, which are yet to be exploited, namely Shieni, Oppong Mansi and Pudo.

Resent discoveries have been made at Adum Banso in the Western which is yet to be fully evaluated.

Ghana's diamond mining industry has produced primarily industrial grade gems since the 1920's, mainly mined from the Birim and the Bonza diamondiferous fields. Diamonds found in Ghana are found in alluvial gravel. Their sources are not yet known. There have been reports of sporadic diamond occurrences in other parts of Ghana.

More than 11 million carats of proven and probable reserves are located about seventy miles northwest of Accra. Currently, 1 million carats is produced a year in the country, making Ghana No. 9 of the diamond producers in the world. About 17 % is mined in Akwatia. Their usual size is less than 1 carat.

A large amount of the diamonds origins from so called small-scale mining. In 1989 the government established the Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC), the former Ghana Diamond Marketing Board (established in 1963) to purchase minerals from small producers in an effort to stem diamond smuggling. All export is done by the PMMC.

Ornamental stone is generally defined as any suitable rock type that can be cut into appropriate sizes and polished for use in the building industry as well as for decoration and ornamental purposes. Brango casino no deposit bonus codes 2018.

Pics Of Precious Stones

In Ghana, there is potential for ornamental stones considering the favourable geological environment that exists in the country. Currently, there are signs of growth of the industry as many newly constructed state buildings, banks, insurance companies, hotels and private houses now incorporate ornamental stones in their architecture.

Records available indicate that clay occurs in all the regions in Ghana. Since 1960, studies into clays and their composition have been intensified in order to ensure the raw material base for the ceramic and building industries. Clays in Ghana are classified, according to their mode of formation, as primary and secondary clays. Primary clays are those formed in situ and secondary clays are depositional.

Some of the major primary clay deposits in Ghana are Teleku-Bokazo, Aluku (in the Western region) and Kibi (Kyebi) in Eastern region. Prominent among the secondary clays are Abonku, Ochiso in the Central region of Ghana and Asokwa in Ashanti region.

References

Precious Stones Bonza

1. Aplan, F.F.,M.S. Klima, and P.T. Luckie.Elements of Mineral Processing: Lecture Notes. The Pennsylvania State University.ProCopy CourseWorks. 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/29463079/Mineral-Processing
2. Afrane, A., Woode, M.Y., and Ogunniyi, D. S., Mechanical Separation Processes, ANSTI RAIST, UNESCO.
3. Kirk –Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4^th ed.
4. Schweitzer, P.A., Handbook of Separation techniques for Chemical Engineers, McGraw – Hill, 1997.
5. Perry and Green, Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 7^th ed, McGraw – Hill Book Company, NY.
6. Taggart, AF., Handbook of Mineral Dressing, John Wiley and Sons Inc., NY (1945)
7. Wills, B.A., Mineral Processing Technology: Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore treatment and Mineral Recovery, 3^rd ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1965).
8. http://www.ghana-mining.org/ghweb/en/geologymining/deposits.html